“Marmorkrebs” is an informal name given to marbled crayfish that were discovered by hobbyists in Germany in the late 1990s. “Marmorkrebs” roughly translates from German as “marbled crab.” The scientific name for Marmorkrebs is Procambarus virginalis (previously Procambarus fallax f. virginalis). They are an asexual relative of slough crayfish (Procambarus fallax) that live across Florida and southern Georgia in the United States. There are no known native populations of Marmorkrebs in North America; the only known cases of them in the wild are where they have been introduced by humans.
Marmorkrebs are parthenogenetic: they are all females, and reproduce without sex. This is the only decapod crustacean found that reproduces only this way, giving it incredible potential as a model organism for research. Some of the advantages of Marmorkrebs are that they are genetically identical, reproduce at high rates, and are easy to care for.
Marmorkrebs are also an invasive species. They have been introducted in many places, and have established populations in at least many countries, damaging agriculture and threatening native species. Marmorkrebs should not be used for bait (see here), kept in outdoor tanks or ponds (Marmorkrebs can migrate over land; see here), or placed in any other situation where they could be released into natural ecosystems. In North America, Marmorkrebs are prohibited in Missouri (since 2011) and Tennessee (since 2015). The European Union banned possession, trade, transport, production, and release of Marmorkrebs (and several other crayfish species) in 2016.
For a more comprehensive list of research papers, click here.
Forthcoming
Hossain MS, Guo W, Martens A, Adámek Z, Kouba A, Buric M. Potential of marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis to supplant invasive Faxonius immunis. Aquatic Ecology: in press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-019-09725-0
Linzmaier SM, Jeschke JM. Towards a mechanistic understanding of individual-level functional responses: Invasive crayfish as model organisms. Freshwater Biology: in press. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13456
Yonvitner Y, Patoka J, Yuliana E, Bohatá L, Tricarico E, Karella T, Kouba A, Reynolds JD. Enigmatic hotspot of crayfish diversity at risk: Invasive potential of non-indigenous crayfish if introduced to New Guinea. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems: in press. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3276
Velisek J, Stara A, Kubec J, Zuskova E, Buric M, Kouba A. 2020. Effects of metazachlor and its major metabolite metazachlor OA on early life stages of marbled crayfish. Scientific Reports10(1): 875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57740-1
Anastácio PM, Ribeiro F, Capinha C, Banha F, Gama M, Filipe AF, Rebelo R, Sousa R. 2019. Non-native freshwater fauna in Portugal: A review. Science of The Total Environment650: 1923-1934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.251
Andriantsoa R, Tönges S, Panteleit J, Theissinger K, Carneiro VC, Rasamy J, Lyko F. 2019. Ecological plasticity and commercial impact of invasive marbled crayfish populations in Madagascar. BMC Ecology19(1): 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-019-0224-1
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DeLeon H III, Garcia J Jr., Silva DC, Quintanilla O, Faulkes Z, Thomas JM III. 2019. Culturing embryonic cells from the parthenogenetic clonal marble crayfish Marmorkrebs Procambarus virginalis Lyko, 2017 (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae). Journal of Crustacean Biology39(6): 758-763. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz063
Ercoli F, Kaldre K, Paaver T, Gross R. 2019. First record of an established marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis (Lyko, 2017) population in Estonia. BioInvasions Records8(3): 675-683. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2019.8.3.25
Fořt M, Hossain MS, Kouba A, Buřič M, Kozák P. 2019. Agonistic interactions and dominance establishment in three crayfish species non-native to Europe. Limnologica74: 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2018.11.003
Gatzmann F. 2019. DNA methylation in the marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Doctoral dissertation, The Faculty of Bio Sciences, Heidelburg University. https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00026426 (Note: Access restricted until 17 January 2020.)
Guo W, Kubec J, Veselý L, Hossain MS, Buric M, McClain R, Kouba A. 2019. High air humidity is sufficient for successful egg incubation and early post-embryonic development in the marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis). Freshwater Biology64(9): 1603-1612. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13357
Haubrock PJ, Kubec J, Veselý L, Buric M, Tricarico E, Kouba A. 2019. Water temperature as a hindrance, but not limiting factor for the survival of warm water invasive crayfish introduced in cold periods. Journal of Great Lakes Research45(4): 788-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.05.006
Hossain MS, Kouba A, Buric M. 2019. Morphometry, size at maturity, and fecundity of marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis). Zoologischer Anzeiger281: 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.005
Hossain MS, Kubec J, Grabicová K, Grabic R, Randák T, Guo W, Kouba A, Buric M. 2019. Environmentally relevant concentrations of methamphetamine and sertraline modify the behavior and life history traits of an aquatic invertebrate. Aquatic Toxicology213: 105222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105222
Hossain MS, Kubec J, Kouba A, Kozák P, Buric M. 2019. Still waters run deep: marbled crayfish dominates over red swamp crayfish in agonistic interactions. Aquatic Ecology53(1): 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-019-09675-7
Knudsen SW, Agersnap S, Mřller PR, Andersen JH. 2019. Development of species-specific eDNA-based test systems for monitoring of freshwater crayfish. Norwegian Institute for Water Research. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2633765
Kubec J, Hossain MS, Grabicová K, Randák T, Kouba A, Grabic R, Roje S, Buric M. 2019. Oxazepam alters the behavior of crayfish at diluted concentrations, venlafaxine does not. Water11: 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020196
Lidova J, Buric M, Kouba A, Velisek J. 2019. Acute toxicity of two pyrethroid insecticides for five non-indigenous crayfish species in Europe. Veterinarni Medicina64(03): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.17221/136/2018-VETMED
Lipták B, Veselý L, Ercoli F, Bláha M, Buric M, Ruokonen TJ, Kouba A. 2019. Trophic role of marbled crayfish in a lentic freshwater ecosystem. Aquatic Invasions14(2): 299-309. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.09
Linzmaier SM. 2019. Ecology and evolution in novel communities: The marbled crayfish and its interaction partners. Doctoral dissertation for Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin. http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-25647
Mauvisseau Q, Tönges S, Andriantsoa R, Lyko F, Sweet M. 2019. Early detection of an emerging invasive species: eDNA monitoring of a parthenogenetic crayfish in freshwater systems. Management of Biological Invasions10(3): 449–460. https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2019.10.3.04
Shinji J, Gotoh H, Miyanishi H, Lavine MD, Lavine LC. 2019. The activin signaling transcription factor Smox is an essential regulator of appendage size during regeneration after autotomy in the crayfish. Evolution & Development21(1). 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12277
Stara A, Kubec J, Zuskova E, Buric M, Faggio C, Kouba A, Velisek J. 2019. Effects of S-metolachlor and its degradation product metolachlor OA on marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis). Chemosphere224: 616-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.187
Takahashi K, Yamaguchi E, Fujiyama N, Nagayama T. 2019. The effects of quality of shelters and prior residence on Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish). Journal of Experimental Biology222(6): jeb197301. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197301
Veerappan V. 2019. The effects of peptide neuromodulators on temperature responses in the crustacean nervous system. University of Illinois University Research Symposium: 351. https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/rsp_urs/351 (Conference abstract)
Velisek J, Stara A, Zuskova E, Kubec J, Buric M, Kouba A. 2019. Effects of s-metolachlor on early life stages of marbled crayfish. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology153: 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.007
Vogt G. 2019. Estimating the young evolutionary age of marbled crayfish from museum samples. Journal of Natural History53(39–40): 2353–2363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2019.1702730
Vogt G, Dorn NJ, Pfeiffer M, Lukhaup C, Williams BW, Schulz R, Schrimpf A. 2019. The dimension of biological change caused by autotriploidy: A meta-analysis with triploid crayfish Procambarus virginalis and its diploid parent Procambarus fallax. Zoologischer Anzeiger281: 53-67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.006
Missouri has added Marmorkrebs to its prohibited species list, effective 1 March 2011. Read more here. Tennessee designated Marmorkrebs as “Class V wildlife,” meaning they can only be kept by zoos, effective October 2015. Read more here and here.
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Linzmaier SM, Jeschke JM. Towards a mechanistic understanding of individual-level functional responses: Invasive crayfish as model organisms. Freshwater Biology: in press. 
