Chapter 21

Miscellaneous Agents of Disease

 

Contents

I. Critical Thinking Questions

II. Technical Terms

III. Internet Sites to Search on

I. Critical Thinking Questions

  • Define spirochete
  • Gram reaction of spirochetes
  • How many families within the spirochetes?
  • How many genera within the spirochetes?
  • List the three most important species in relation to humans
  • Where does Treponema live?
  • List some characteristics of Treponema
  • Briefly explain the origin of syphilis
  • Role of endoflagella in spirochetes
  • What did Fracastorious do in 1530 in relation to syphilis?
  • List two other names for syphilis
  • Explain the virulence factors of Treponema  
  • Describe the different stages of syphilis
  • Describe other diseases caused by Treponema in humans
  • What are pinta, carate and bejel?
  • Describe the bacterium Leptospira 
  • What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
  • How is it transmitted to humans?
  • What is the contribution of Polly Murray to science?
  • Role of ticks in Lyme disease
  • Explain the bull's eye lesions on patients with Lyme
  • Is it easy to diagnose? If not, why? 
  • Name three species of bacteria that are curviform in shape
  • Is Vibrio oxidase positive?
  • What kind of unique antigens does Vibrio possess?
  • Explain what is the cholera toxin
  • Symptoms in patients are
  • Amount of water lost during the first hour
  • Mortality rate may reach
  • Can death occur within 48 hours if disease is untreated?
  • Control of cholera 
  • Campylobacter is a species that causes what kind of disease?
  • Does it have a flagellum?
  • Are they microaerophilic?
  • Where do they live in the human body?
  • Explain how Campylobacter jejuni multiply in tissue once established
  • What is the CJT?
  • Are there vaccines effective against this bacterium? 
  • Explain what is sodoku
  • Is it a zoonosis?
  • Describe the morphology of Spirillum minus
  • What is the primary host of these bacteria? 
  • Main characteristics of Rickettsias
  • List three diseases caused by these type of bacteria
  • Why is it called Q-fever?
  • Are they small or big sized bacteria?
  • Explain the role of arthropods in disseminating these bacteria in nature
  • What disease is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii?
  • Its epidemiology, manifestation of disease and control
  • How is it prevented?
  • What is tsutsugamushi or scrub typhus? 
  • Explain what is the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  • Where does it occur in the USA?
  • Symptoms of the disease are
  • Have a look at figure 21.18 and try to follow the transmission cycle described 
  • Role of Coxiella burnetii and what does it cause? 
  • What is Trench Fever and what is the causative organism involved in disease? 
  • Explain what is cat-scratch disease
  • Is it produced by a rickettsial cell? 
  • Is Chlamydia an orchid?
  • Explain what does Chlamydia trachomatis do in humans
  • Where in the human body is Chlamydia located?
  • Percent of women carrying it asymptomatically
  • Describe the disease ocular trachoma  
  • What is the agent of ornithosis in humans?
  • How is it controlled? 
  • What is the cause of PAP (primary atypical pneumonia)?
  • Mechanism of infection of Mycoplasmas 
  • What is dental caries?
  • Describe the parts of a tooth (see figure 21.27)
  • What is the most common human disease?
  • Describe plaque formation
  • Why acid formation is important in the formation of caries?
  • What does the term 'corn cobs' refer to in dental microbiology?
  • List main species of microorganisms involved in the formation of caries
  • Are they Gram positive or Gram negative?
  • Do spirochetes play a role in the formation of caries?
  • What is calculus?
  • List some factors contributing to dental disease
  • Is there a possibility of a vaccine against microbes involved in caries?
  • Are Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus involved in the deterioration of teeth?
  • Dental caries is directly due to what?
  • Is ulcerative gingivitis contagious?
  • Is mouthwashing effective against controlling oral cavity microorganisms? 

II. Technical Terms

  • Spirochetes
  • Syphilis
  • Treponematoses
  • Pinta
  • Bejel
  • Carate
  • Endoflagella
  • Morbus Gallicus
  • Italian disease
  • French disease
  • Lues venerea
  • Chancre
  • Gumma
  • Yaws
  • Leptospirosis
  • Mal del Pinto
  • Borreliosis
  • Lyme disease
  • Cholera toxin
  • Secretory diarrhea
  • Sodoku
  • Rat bite fever
  • Vector
  • Arthropods
  • Rickettsioses
  • Murine typhus
  • Mite-borne typhus
  • Spotted fevers
  • Q-fever
  • Trench fever
  • Cat-scratch fever
  • Trachoma
  • Lymphogranuloma venereum
  • Nongonococcal urethritis
  • Ornithosis
  • Mycoplasma
  • PAP
  • Cementum
  • Gingiva
  • Pulp cavity
  • Dentin
  • Enamel
  • Cusp
  • Occlusal surface
  • Periodontal membrane
  • Root canal
  • Tooth
  • Periodontium
  • Plaque formation
  • Plaque
  • Corn cob
  • Saliva 

III. Internet Sites to Search

  • Plaque formation
  • Syphilis
  • Chlamydia