Chapter 16

Immunization and Immune Assays

 

Contents

I.    Critical Thinking Questions

II.   Technical Terms

III.  Topics for Internet Sites

I.    Critical Thinking Questions

  •  What is artificial passive immunity?
  • Definition of gamma globulin (ISG)
  • Applications of sera from horses in humans
  • Time lapse of effectiveness of ISG
  • What is serum sickness?
  • What is anaphylaxis?
  • Define artificial active immunity
  • Define vaccine
  • What was the contribution of Edward Jenner to science?
  • List three tyypes of vaccines
  • Antigenic components of a vaccine
  • Explain what is a live-attenuated microorganism
  • Source for the tuberculosis vaccine
  • What are the disadvantages of using microbes in vaccines?
  • Examples of a subunit antigen
  • Differences between subunit and acellular vaccines
  • Explain what is the new strategy using Vaccinia
  • What is a Trojan Horse?
  • New approach to HIV control using Vaccinia, how does it work?
  • Explain what is an anti-idiotypic vaccine
  • Can antibodies become antigenic?
  • Main routes of administration of vaccines
  • List those two that are taken orally
  • What antibody type an oral vaccine may stimulate in the oral cavity?
  • Name a binding substance used to help a vaccine be effective
  • List some possible problems produced by a vaccine on humans
  • Define 'herd immunity' and its application
  • Who should get vaccinations?
  • What is serological testing?
  • Make a list of the main serological methods
  • Why do these methods require a high degree of specificity and sensitivity?
  • How does monoclonal antibodies improve sensitivity?
  • Explain the reaction between Ag and Ab
  • Do they clump or aggregate and under what conditions?
  • What is a titer?
  • What is the titer used for?
  • Be sure to understand the difference between agglutination and precipitation
  • Define agglutinin
  • What is the routine testing method in blood blanks?
  • List 3 techniques in which agglutination is involved
  • Explain the technique called double diffusion or Ouchterlony
  • Be sure to understand what is electrophoresis
  • Definition of immunoelectrophoresis
  • Why do serum need to be diluted?
  • How is the dilution made? Is it a 10-fold serial dilution?
  • What is a false positive reading?
  • How does the technique called Western Blot work?
  • What is its relation to HIV testing for those suspected HIV-infected patients?
  • Are antibodies labeled in this technique? What for?
  • Define what is a lysin-mediated hemolysis
  • Give an application of the technique called complement fixation
  • When are fluorescent antibodies used?
  • Explain the technique called direct testing using fluorescent antibodies
  • Explain indirect testing.
  • Which one is used to detect syphilis?
  • Difference between ELISA and EIA
  • Define ELISA
  • \ Explain the difference between the direct and indirect ELISA techniques
  • When is ELISA the technique of choice?
  • Differences between alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase
  • Give examples of in-vivo testing
  • What is the Schick test for?
  • What is the Dick test for?
  • Describe the relationship between antitoxin, a toxin, and a toxoid
  • What is a booster?
  • Explain how to design a vaccine that could protect the liver phase of the malaria parasite
  • Suggest several reasons that it could be risky to administer a vaccine containing a live, attenuated DNA virus
  • Determine the vaccines you have been given and those for which you will require periodic boosters
  • Why do some tests for antibody in serum (such as for HIV and syphilis) require back-up verification with additional tests at a later date?  

II.    Technical Terms

  • Acellular vaccine
  • Adjuvant
  • Agar gel
  • Agglutination
  • Agglutinins
  • Alkaline Phosphatase
  • Allergen
  • Antibody
  • Antigen
  • Antitoxin
  • Attenuated virus
  • Attenuation
  • B-cell
  • Booster
  • Cross reaction
  • Double diffusion
  • Electrophoresis
  • ELISA
  • Fluorescent antibody
  • Gamma globulin
  • Globulin
  • Helicobacter
  • Herd Immunity
  • Horseradish peroxidase
  • Idiotype
  • Immunity
  • Immunization
  • Immunoassay
  • In-vivo testing
  • Insuline
  • Killed vaccine
  • Labeled antibody
  • Leukocyte
  • Macrophage
  • Microtiter plate
  • Mycobacterium
  • Oral vaccine
  • Pellet
  • Precipitate
  • Precipitation
  • Precipitins
  • Radioimmunoassay
  • Recombinat vaccine
  • Serology
  • Serum
  • Specificity
  • Subunit vaccine
  • T-cell
  • Titer
  • Toxin
  • Toxoid
  • Trojan Horse
  • Tuberculin
  • Vaccination
  • Vaccine
  • Variolation
  • Western Blot
  • Whole vaccine 

III.    Search Internet Sites

  • ELISA
  • Vaccines
  • Western blot
  • Vaccine for AIDS