CHAPTER 15
 

The Acquisition of Specific Immunity and its Applications

Contents

I.    Critical Thinking Questions
II.    Technical Terms
III.    Search Internet Sites

I.    Critical Thinking Questions

  • Define acquired specific immunity
  • List the five stages that illustrate how closely lymphocytes and macrophages work together
  • What kind of molecules are involved in the recognition of self and non-self?
  • How are receptors formed?
  • Where in the cell the receptors are modified and packaged?
  • What is the name for the set of genes that codes for the human cell receptors?
  • Role of lymphocyte receptors and specificity to antigens
  • One of the most fascinating questions in immunology is: How can the lymphocyte receptors be varied to react with such as large number of different antigens?
  • How can a cell accommodate enough genetic information to respond to millions or even billions of antigens?
  • When, where and how does the capacity to distinguish native from foreign tissue arise?
  • Define the clonal selection theory
  • Why each genetically distinct group of lymphocytes that possesses the same specificity is called a clone?
  • Do B and T cells have different kind of receptors?
  • Are the general principles of genetics and acquisition of specificity the same for B and T cells?
  • What functions do receptors play in immune responses?
  • Trace the development of the B-cell receptor from gene to cell surface
  • What is the structure of the receptor?
  • What is the function of the variable regions?
  • Trace the origin and development of B lymphocytes
  • Trace the origin and development of T lymphocytes
  • What is happening during lymphocyte maturation?
  • List three ways that B cells and T cells are similar
  • List five major ways in which they are different
  • What is an antigenic determinant?
  • How do foreignness, size, and complexity contribute to antigenecity?
  • What is a mosaic antigen?
  • Why are haptens by themselves not antigenic?
  • How can haptens be made to behave as antigens?
  • Why are autoantigens, alloantigens, and heterophile antigens important in immune response?
  • Trace the immune response system, beginning with the entry of a T-cell-dependent antigen, antigen processing, presentation, the cooperative response among the macrophage and lymphocytes, and the reactions of activated B and T cells
  • What are the actions of interleukins-1 and -2?
  • What are the functions of plasma cells, clonal expansion, and memory cells?
  • Describe the structure of an immunoglobulin
  • Draw IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD and IgE
  • Be sure to understand the roles of the different types of immunglobulins
  • What are the functions of the Fab and Fc portions?
  • Describe four or five ways that antibodies function in immunity
  • Contrast the primary and secondary response to Ag
  • What causes the latent period?
  • What causes the anamnestic response?
  • Explain how monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are different
  • Outline the basic steps in production of monoclonal antibodies
  • \ Give some examples on the use of monoclonal antibodies in medicine
  • Why are the immunities involving T cells called cell-mediated?
  • How do T cells become sensitized?
  • What is a lymphokine?
  • How do cytotoxic cells kill their target?
  • Why would the immune system naturally require suppression?
  • What is a natural killer cell, and what are its functions?
  • What are some of  the difference between active and passive immunity?
  • Difference between natural and artificial immunities

II.    Technical Terms

  • active immunity
  • allergen
  • alloantigen
  • anamnestic response
  • antibody
  • antigen binding site
  • antigen
  • antiserum
  • artificial immunity
  • autoantigen
  • B-cell
  • bone marrow
  • clonal selection theory
  • clones
  • common determinant (CD)
  • constant region
  • cross-reaction
  • dendritic cell
  • Fab
  • Fc
  • glycoprotein
  • hapten
  • helper T-cell
  • human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
  • hybridoma
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • immunoglobulin
  • interferon
  • interleukin
  • isoantigen
  • J chain
  • killer T-cell
  • latent period
  • lipoprotein
  • lymph node
  • lymphotoxin
  • major histocompatibility complex (MCH)
  • monoclonal antibody
  • natural immunity
  • nucleoprotein
  • passive immunity
  • plasma cell
  • polyclonal antibody
  • polypeptide
  • polysaccharide
  • primary response
  • receptor
  • secondary response
  • self
  • T-cell
  • T-helper cell
  • T-suppressor cell
  • thymus
  • titer
  • vaccination
  • variable region

III.    Search internet sites on

  • Immunology
  • Immunization
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Interferon
  • Macrophages