RESTORATION AND 18^TH-CENTURY (1660-1800 ca.)

1. Alexander Pope and his friend Martha Blount. Despite Pope's physical handicaps, Pope's enemies spread scurrilous stories about the pair.

2. Sir Richard Steele (1672-17290: politician, poet, playwright, and journalist.

3. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745): author of Gulliver's Travels, satrist.

4. Cartoon of Doctor Johnson (Tory) battling with the father of James Boswell (Whig).

5. A representation of a well-known anecdote about Johnson. Johnson, seeking patronage, was kept in Lord Chesterfield's "waiting room" for an excessive time (crowded with peasants waiting to ask favors). When his lordship's office door finally opened, out stepped Colley Cibber (who, thanks to Pope, had been made to embody all that is wretched and second-rate in culture). Johnson indignantly departed. Johnson's refusal of Chesterfield's patronage (which is fact not story) was a significant step away from the patronage system.

6. The Royal Society, chartered for the "Advancement of Learning" in 1662.

7. Westminster School: a school for boys, founded in 1560. Achieved prominence especially in the 18^th century.

8. Bishop George Berkeley (1685-1753): philosopher who refutes philosophic materialism (the primary current of 18^th-century philosophy) with his philosophy of the unreality of matter.

9. John Dryden: dominant author, 1660-1700.

10. Samel Butler (1612-80): author of the popular anti-puritan mock-epic, Hudibras (1663-64). He was rewarded by cavalier patrons, but somehow remained poverty-stricken. A monument to him in Westminster Abbey declares, "The Poets fate is here in emblem shown: He asked for Bread and he received a Stone."

11. John Locke (1632-1704): Puritan philosopher of reason, the primacy of sensory data, and the rational political state. His theories of "tabula rasa" and "the Original [social/political] contract were immensely influential.

12. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): Tutor to Charles II and Locke's philosophical opponent. Hobbes claimed that the political state was based not on Locke's reason but on the force of a strong man---a "leviathan" (whale, super-brute).

13. A page from Hobbes' Leviathan.

14. William Congreve (1670-1729): most successful author of restoration comedies, such as The Way of the World (1700).

15. William Wycherly (1640-1716): another author of restoration comedies, such as The Country Wife (1675).

16. Samuel Pepys (1633-1703): Pepys was known in his own lifetime as a bureaucrat (he worked in the naval office). Now he's known for his diary, which he recorded in secret code.

17. John Evelyn (1620-1706): a Restoration writer, known for his diary.

18. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (1609-74): Charles II's Prime Minister during the turbulent immediate post-1660 years. Impeached in 1667, he fled to France. His daughter, Anne, was married to the Duke of York (the future James II). In literature, he is known for his history of the civil war.

19. Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726): dramatist (restoration comedies) and architect (designed Blenheim Palace).

20. John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (1647-1680): poet and libertine, model of the Restoration "rake."

21. Thomas Otway (1652-85): Restoration dramatist (Venice Preserved or A Plot Discovered; The Orphan or the Unhappy Marriage); died in poverty.